Introduction to the Internet-of-things

Presenter Maxime Lefrançois
maxime.lefrancois@emse.fr
version 1.2, 29-05-2019

Who am I

max
team

What is the Internet of Things ?

what is iot

Contents

  • Generalities on the Internet of Things
  • Web and web principles
  • From the Internet of Things to the Web of Things
  • Interaction protocols for the Web of Things
  • Architectural styles for the Web of Things
  • Document formats for the Web of Things
  • Some ontologies for the Web of Things
  • Using RDF as a lingua franca on the Web of Things

Contents: today

  • Generalities on the Internet of Things
  • Web and web principles
  • From the Internet of Things to the Web of Things
  • Interaction protocols for the Web of Things
  • Architectural styles for the Web of Things
  • Document formats for the Web of Things
  • Some ontologies for the Web of Things
  • Using RDF as a lingua franca

Weather-forecasting umbrella

http://www.materious.com/\#/projects/forecast/

forecast

Smart Pillbox from Tinylogics

https://pillbox.tinylogics.com/

pillbox

Nike Plus

https://www.nike.com/US/en_US/p/activity

nikeplus

Amazon Echo and Alexa Skills kit

amazon

Smart Home domain

Wearables

Questions:

  • What wearable devices you know of?
  • What functionalities they offer?
  • How does it work?
  • what is a BAN?

Smart City: Libelium infographic

libelium

Smart Grid: Sharing my own experience

Smart grid

Other verticals

https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2017/12/10/2017-roundup-of-internet-of-things-forecasts/

IoTValueMcKinsey2

40% to 60% enabled by interoperabilitiy

https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/the-internet-of-things-the-value-of-digitizing-the-physical-world

interoperability

Interoperability in Smart Home

Smart Home is not new

  • Domotics: was expensive wired installations, proprierary non-interoperable solutions

  • Most recent connected things

    • designed in verticals, functioning with their own platform, or consortium (KNX, bac.NET, …​)

  • GAFAs build platforms for smart-homes (Apple HomeKit, Google Weave, Amazon Echo)

    • non-interoperable…​
    • guess what their business model is?

  • Static service mashups wia the cloud (ex. IFTTT)
  • What about the Telcos and the Utilities ?
techwar

The IoT Equation

Physical Object

+

Sensor/Actuator and MCU

+

Internet

=

Thing on the IoT

Not only a Computer Scientist Matter!

imakethings

What is the Internet-of-Things?

Choose your definition:

The internet of things (IoT) is the internetworking of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data

Definition from ITU (International Telegraph Union) -- http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsi/iot/

The interconnection via the Internet of computing devices embedded in everyday objects, enabling them to send and receive data.

Wikipedia

Concepts close to IoT

  • Ambient Intelligence (AmI)

    Electronic environments that are sensitive and responsive to the presence of people

  • Ubiquitous Computing (ubicomp)

    A concept in software engineering and computer science where computing is made to appear anytime and everywhere

  • Machine-to-Machine (M2M)

    A concept which refers to direct communication between devices using any communications channel, including wired and wireless

What is the Internet?

The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link billions of devices worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.

Wikipedia

What key inventions?

internet dates

Some Internet Principles

  • Very early start and a lot of experience

    • Pragmatic and evolutionary approach
    • If it’s not broken, don’t fix it

  • Standardization by independent technical experts

    • Avoids the designed by committee effect of consortiums
    • Implementations are required to prove technical feasibility

  • Simplicity whenever possible

References:

Layered Internet Protocol Suite

osimodelvstcpip

Encapsulation of Application Data

encapsulation

Internet Protocol Suite Layers

internet protocol suite

Some protocols of Layer 1, 2

  • Ethernet 1500 bytes (+ 22, and + 12 of interpacket gap for Layer 1) data rate?
  • Fibre Channel 2048 bytes (+ 100), data rate?
  • WiFi …​ 802.11, many protocols in that family
  • Bluetooth 1.0 (Ericsson, Nokia, Intel) 31 bytes, 200 kbps raw data rate, few meters source
  • Bluetooth 4.0 version BLE: 31 bytes, 200 kbps raw data rate, range few meters source
  • Sigfox: range few km, 140 msg per day of maximum 12 octets, at 100 bps.
  • LoRaWAN: range few km, bigger message payload (approx. 50 bytes), few messages per day small data rate
  • Zwave, ZigBee, LTE, and more
Internet of Things Protocols

Layer 3: Network

  • Allows addressing at the network level

  • For the internet, this means IP addresses

    • IPv4 is the version that has powered the internet so far (32 bits)
    • IPv6 is phased in to be able to handle IoT-scale growth (128 bits)

IPV6 vs IPV4

Domain Name System (DNS)

  • DNS configuration is part of basic Internet configuration

  • DNS is used by virtually all Internet applications

    • Names are more stable than addresses: reorganizing a network may change all IP addresses

  • Names are supposed to be more stable than addresses

Layer 4: Transport

  • Layer 3: packets are sent from one machine to another machine
  • Layer 4: from one process to another process
tcp vs udp

Layer 5: Session

  • Sessions are meaningful for applications

  • Sessions creating tight coupling between two processes

    • terrible for scalability

  • The internet does not really have a generic model for sessions

    • HTTP Cookies are one way to achieve the same goal (but with a lot of side-effects)

  • REST tries really hard to build a session-free web (stateless interactions)

Layer 6: Presentation

  • The internet has media types and some generic data representation languages

    • text/html, application/javascript, audio/mp3, video/3gpp…​
    • Extensible Markup Language (XML, application/xml) was the first successful internet representation
    • JavaScript Object Notation (JSON, application/json) replaces XML progressively because it’s more concise
    • Their binary versions application/exi, application/cbor
    • see https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml

  • The internet has media types and some generic data representation languages

    • text/html, application/javascript, audio/mp3, video/3gpp…​
    • Extensible Markup Language (XML, application/xml) was the first successful internet representation
    • JavaScript Object Notation (JSON, application/json) replaces XML progressively because it’s more concise
    • Their binary versions application/exi, application/cbor
    • see https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml

  • What about Resource Description Framework (RDF)?

Other considerations

  • Privacy
  • Security
  • Ethics
  • Ecology
black mirror
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